In office, convenient hemorrhoidal banding using the O'Regan banding system

Esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with portal hypertension from various causes, including end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis. Nearly 90% of patients with cirrhosis will develop esophageal varices sometime in their lifetime, of which 30% will bleed.1,2 Once developed, varices will usually increase from small to large. An endoscopic …

GERD is characterized by pain and by mucosal inflammation caused by prolonged exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastric acid. The frequency and the cumulative duration of esophageal-acid exposure over 24 hours provides a measure of the severity of gastroesophageal re- flux.1 Ambulatory esophageal pH studies for 16 to 24 hours are indicated in patients with symptoms suspected to be caused by gas…